Surface snow bromide and nitrate at Eureka, Canada, in early spring and implications for polar boundary layer chemistry (2024)

Abbatt, J. P. D.: Interaction of HNO3 with water-ice surfaces at temperatures of the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1479–1482, 1997. 

Abbatt, J. P. D., Thomas, J. L., Abrahamsson, K., Boxe, C., Granfors, A., Jones, A. E., King, M. D., Saiz-Lopez, A., Shepson, P. B., Sodeau, J., Toohey, D. W., Toubin, C., von Glasow, R., Wren, S. N., and Yang, X.: Halogen activation via interactions with environmental ice and snow in the polar lower troposphere and other regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6237–6271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6237-2012, 2012. 

Albert, M. R. and Hardy, J. P.: Ventilation experiments in a seasonal snow cover. Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow Covered Catchments, IAHS-AISH Pub., 228, 44–49, 1995. 

Albert, M. R., Grannas, A. M., Bottenheim, J., Shepson, P. B., and Perron, F. E.: Processes and properties of snow-air transfer in the high Arctic with application to interstitial ozone at Alert, Canada, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2779–2787, 2002. 

Angot, H., Dastoor, A., De Simone, F., Gårdfeldt, K., Gencarelli, C. N., Hedgeco*ck, I. M., Langer, S., Magand, O., Mastromonaco, M. N., Nordstrøm, C., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Pirrone, N., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N. E., Skov, H., Song, S., Sprovieri, F., Steffen, A., Toyota, K., Travnikov, O., Yang, X., and Dommergue, A.: Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury in polar regions: review of recent measurements and comparison with models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10735–10763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10735-2016, 2016. 

Alvarez-Aviles, L., Simpson, W. R., Douglas, T. A., Sturm, M., Perovich, D., and Domine, F.: Frost flower chemical composition during growth and its implications for aerosol production and bromine activation, J.Geophys. Res., 113, D21304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010277, 2008. 

Barrie, L. A., Bottenheim, J. W., Schnell, R. C., Crutzen, P. J., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138–141, https://doi.org/10.1038/334138a0, 1988. 

Beine, H. J., Honrath, R. E., Dominé, F., Simpson, W. R., and Fuentes, J. D.: NOx during background and ozone depletion periods at Alert: Fluxes above the snow surface, , J.Geophys. Res., 107, 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002082, 2002. 

Beine, H. J., Dominè, F., Ianniello, A., Nardino, M., Allegrini, I., Teinilä, K., and Hillamo, R.: Fluxes of nitrates between snow surfaces and the atmosphere in the European high Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 335–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-335-2003, 2003. 

Björkman, M. P., Kühnel, R., Partridge, D. G., Roberts, T. J., Aas, W., Mazzola, M., Viola, A., Hodson, A., Ström, J., and Isaksson, E.: Nitrate dry deposition in Svalbard, TellusB, 65, 19071, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19071, 2013. 

Bloss, W. J., Lee, J. D., Heard, D. E., Salmon, R. A., Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Roscoe, H. K., and Jones, A. E.: Observations of OH and HO2 radicals in coastal Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4171–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4171-2007, 2007. 

Bloss, W. J., Camredon, M., Lee, J. D., Heard, D. E., Plane, J. M. C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Salmon, R. A., and Jones, A. E.: Coupling of HOx, NOx and halogen chemistry in the antarctic boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10187–10209, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10187-2010, 2010. 

Bognar, K., Zhao, X., Strong, K., Chang, R. Y.-W., Frieß, U., Hayes, P. L., McClure-Begley, A., Morris, S., Tremblay, S., and Vicente- Luis, A.: Measurements of tropospheric bromine monoxide over four halogen activation seasons in the Canadian high Arctic, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033015, 2020. 

Bottenheim, J. W., Gallant, A. G., and Brice, K. A.: Measurements of NOy species and O3 at 82° N latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 113–116, 1986. 

Bradley, R. S., Keimig, F. T., and Diaz, H. F.: Climatology of Surface-Based Inversions in the North American Arctic, J.Geophys. Res., 97, 15699–15712, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD01451, 1992. 

Brough, N., Jones, A. E., and Griffiths, P. T.: Influence of sea-ice-derived halogens on atmospheric Hox as observed in springtime coastal Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10168–10176, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083825, 2019. 

Cadle, S. H.: Dry deposition to snowpacks, in: Seasonal Snowpacks, edited by: Davies, T. D., Tranter, M. and Jones, H. G., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Ecological Sciences, 28, 21–66, 1991. 

Chan, H. G., King, M. D., and Frey, M. M.: The impact of parameterising light penetration into snow on the photochemical production of NOx and OH radicals in snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7913–7927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7913-2015, 2015. 

Chan, H. G., Frey, M. M., and King, M. D.: Modelling the physical multiphase interactions of HNO3 between snow and air on the Antarctic Plateau (DomeC) and coast (Halley), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1507–1534, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1507-2018, 2018. 

Clark, S. C., Granger, J., Mastorakis, A., Aguilar-Islas, A., and Hastings, M. G.: An investigation into the origin of nitrate in arctic sea ice, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006279, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006279, 2020. 

Colbeck, S. C.: Model of wind pumping for layered snow, J.Glaciol., 43, 60–65, 1997. 

Custard, K. D., Raso, A. R. W., Shepson, P. B., Staebler, R. M., and Pratt, K. A.: Production and release of molecular bromine and chlorine from the Arctic coastal snowpack, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 1, 142–152, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00014, 2017. 

Criscitiello, A. S., Geldsetzer, T., Rhodes, R. H., Arienzo, M., McConnell, J., Chellman, N., Osman M. B., Yackel, J. J., and Mars, S.: Marine aerosol records of Arctic sea-ice and polynya variability from new Ellesmere and Devon Island firn cores, Nunavut, Canada, J.Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2021JC017205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017205, 2021. 

Dickerson, R. R.: Reactive nitrogen-compounds in the Arctic, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 90, 1073910743, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD06p10739, 1985. 

Diehl, K., Mitra, S. K., and Pruppacher, H. R.: A laboratory study of the uptake of HNO3 and HCl vapor by snow crystals and ice spheres at temperatures between0 and 40 °C, Atmos. Environ., 9, 975–981, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00022-q, 1995. 

Domine, F., Sparapani, R., Ianniello, A., and Beine, H. J.: The origin of sea salt in snow on Arctic sea ice and in coastal regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2259–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2259-2004, 2004. 

Dubowski, Y., Colussi, A. J., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Nitrogen dioxide release in the 302 nm band photolysis of spray-frozen aqueous nitrate solutions: Atmospheric Implications, J.Phys. Chem.A, 105, 4928–4932, 2001. 

Domine, F., Taillandier, A. S., Simpson, W. R., and Severin, K.: Specific surface area, density and microstructure of frost flowers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023245, 2005. 

Domine, F., Albert, M., Huthwelker, T., Jacobi, H.-W., Kokhanovsky, A. A., Lehning, M., Picard, G., and Simpson, W. R.: Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 171–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-171-2008, 2008. 

Erbland, J., Vicars, W. C., Savarino, J., Morin, S., Frey, M. M., Frosini, D., Vince, E., and Martins, J. M. F.: Air–snow transfer of nitrate on the East Antarctic Plateau– Part1: Isotopic evidence for a photolytically driven dynamic equilibrium in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6403–6419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6403-2013, 2013. 

Falk, S. and Sinnhuber, B.-M.: Polar boundary layer bromine explosion and ozone depletion events in the chemistry–climate model EMAC v2.52: implementation and evaluation of AirSnow algorithm, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1115–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1115-2018, 2018. 

Fioletov, V. E., Kerr, J. B., McElroy, C. T., Wardle, D. I., Savastiouk, V., and Grajnar, T. S.: The Brewer reference triad, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024244, 2005. 

France, J. L., King, M. D., Frey, M. M., Erbland, J., Picard, G., Preunkert, S., MacArthur, A., and Savarino, J.: Snow optical properties at DomeC (Concordia), Antarctica; implications for snow emissions and snow chemistry of reactive nitrogen, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9787–9801, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9787-2011, 2011. 

Frieß, U., Sihler, H., Sander, R., Pöhler, D., Yilmaz, S., and Platt, U.: The vertical distribution of BrO and aerosols in the Arctic: Measurements by active and passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D00R04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015938, 2011. 

Frey, M. M., Brough, N., France, J. L., Anderson, P. S., Traulle, O., King, M. D., Jones, A. E., Wolff, E. W., and Savarino, J.: The diurnal variability of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) above the Antarctic Plateau driven by atmospheric stability and snow emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3045–3062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3045-2013, 2013. 

Frey, M. M., Norris, S. J., Brooks, I. M., Anderson, P. S., Nishimura, K., Yang, X., Jones, A. E., Nerentorp Mastromonaco, M. G., Jones, D. H., and Wolff, E. W.: First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2549–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020, 2020. 

Harder, S. L., Warren, S. G., Charlson, R. J., and Covert, D. S.: Filtering of air through snow as a mechanism for aerosol deposition to the Antarctic ice sheet, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 18729–18743, 1996. 

Hoffmann, E. H., Tilgner, A., Schrödner, R., Bräuer, P., Wolke, R., and Herrmann, H.: An advanced odelling study on the impacts and atmospheric implications of multiphase dimethyl sulfide chemistry, P.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 11776–11781, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606320113, 2016. 

Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., and Yang, X.: Global lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by atomic bromine in the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027176, 2006. 

Honrath, R. E., Lu, Y., Peterson, M. C., Dibb, J. E., Arsenault, M. A., Cullen, N. J., and Steffen, K.: Vertical fluxes of NOx, HONO, and HNO3 above the snowpack at Summit, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2629–2640, 2002. 

Huang, J. and Jaeglé, L.: Wintertime enhancements of sea salt aerosol in polar regions consistent with a sea ice source from blowing snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3699–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3699-2017, 2017. 

Huang, J., Jaeglé, L., Chen, Q., Alexander, B., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., Theys, N., and Choi, S.: Evaluating the impact of blowing-snow sea salt aerosol on springtime BrO and O3 in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7335–7358, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7335-2020, 2020. 

Jacobi, H. W., D. Voisin, J. L. Jaffrezo, J. Cozic, and Douglas, T. A.: Chemical composition of the snowpack during the OASIS spring campaign 2009 at Barrow, Alaska, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D00R13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016654, 2012. 

Jones, A. E., Weller, R., Anderson, P. S., Jacobi, H.-W., Wolff, E. W., Schrems, O., and Miller, H.: Measurements of NOx emissions from the Antarctic snowpack, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1499–1502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011956, 2001. 

Jacobi, H.-W., Obleitner, F., Da Costa, S., Ginot, P., Eleftheriadis, K., Aas, W., and Zanatta, M.: Deposition of ionic species and black carbon to the Arctic snowpack: combining snow pit observations with modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10361–10377, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10361-2019, 2019. 

Kaleschke, L., Richter, A., Burrows, J., Afe, O., Heygster, G., Notholt, Justus, Rankin, A. M., Roscoe, H. K., Hollwedel, J., Wagner, T., and Jacobi, H.-W.: Frost flowers on sea ice as a source of sea salt and their influence on tropospheric halogen chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020655, 2004. 

Kirpes, R. M., Bonanno, D., May, N. W., Fraund, M., Barget, A. J., Moffet, R. C., and Pratt, K. A.: Wintertime Arctic sea spray aerosol composition controlled by sea ice lead microbiology, ACS Central Science, 5, 1760–1767, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541, 2019. 

Krnavek, L., Simpson, W. R., Carlson, D., Domine, F., Douglas, T. A., and Sturm, M.: The chemical composition of surface snow in the Arctic: Examining marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric influences, Atmos. Environ., 50, 349–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.033, 2012. 

Lehrer, E., Hönninger, G., and Platt, U.: A one dimensional model study of the mechanism of halogen liberation and vertical transport in the polar troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2427–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2427-2004, 2004. 

Legrand, M., Yang, X., Preunkert, S., and Theys, N.: Year-round records of sea salt, gaseous, and particulate inorganic brominein the atmospheric boundary layer at coastal (Dumont d'Urville) and central (Concordia) East Antarctic sites, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 997–1023, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024066, 2016. 

Macdonald, K. M., Sharma, S., Toom, D., Chivulescu, A., Hanna, S., Bertram, A. K., Platt, A., Elsasser, M., Huang, L., Tarasick, D., Chellman, N., McConnell, J. R., Bozem, H., Kunkel, D., Lei, Y. D., Evans, G. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Observations of atmospheric chemical deposition to high Arctic snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5775–5788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5775-2017, 2017. 

Marelle, L., Thomas, J. L., Ahmed, S., Tuite, K., Stutz, J., Dommergue, A., Simpson, W. R., Frey, M. M., and Baladima, F.: Implementation and Impacts of Surface and Blowing Snow Sources of Arctic Bromine Activation Within WRF-Chem 4.1.1, J.Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 13, e2020MS002391, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002391, 2021. 

Morin, S., Savarino, J., Frey, M. M., Yan, N., Bekki, S., Bottenheim, J. W., and Martins, J. M. F.: Tracing the origin and fate of NOx in the Arctic atmosphere using stable isotopes in nitrate, Science, 322, 730–732, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161910, 2008. 

Obbard, R., Roscoe, H. K., Wolff, E. W., and Atkinson, H. M.: Frost flower surface area and chemistry as a function of salinity and temperature, J.Geophys. Res., 114, D20305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012481, 2009. 

Oncley, S., Buhr, M., Lenschow, D., Davis, D., and Semmer, S.: Observations of summertime NOfluxes and boundary-layer height at the South Pole during ISCAT 2000 using scalar similarity, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5389–5398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.053, 2004. 

Oum, K. W., Lakin, M. J., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Bromine activation in the troposphere by the dark reaction of O3 with seawater ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3923–3926, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900078, 953 1998. 

Parrella, J. P., Jacob, D. J., Liang, Q., Zhang, Y., Mickley, L. J., Miller, B., Evans, M. J., Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., Theys, N., and Van Roozendael, M.: Tropospheric bromine chemistry: implications for present and pre-industrial ozone and mercury, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6723–6740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6723-2012, 2012. 

Peterson, P. K., Simpson, W. R., and Nghiem, S. V.: Variability of Bromine Monoxide at Barrow, Alaska Over Four Halogen Activation (March–May) Seasons and at Two On-Ice Locations, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 1381–1396, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024094, 2016. 

Peterson, P. K., Hartwig, M., May, N. W., Schwartz, E., Rigor, I., Ermold, W., Steele, M., Morison, J. H., Nghiem, S. V., and Pratt, K. A.: Snowpack measurements suggest role for multi-year sea ice regions in Arctic atmospheric bromine and chlorine chemistry, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 7, 14, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.352, 2019. 

Piot, M. and von Glasow, R.: The potential importance of frost flowers, recycling on snow, and open leads for ozone depletion events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2437–2467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2437-2008, 2008. 

Piot, M. and vonGlasow, R.: Modelling the Multiphase near-Surface Chemistry Related to Ozone Depletions in Polar Spring, J.Atmos. Chem., 64, 77–105, 2009. 

Pratt, K. A., Custard, K. D., Shepson, P. B., Douglas, T. A., Pöhler, D., General, S., Zielcke, J., Simpson, W. R., Platt, U., Tanner, D. J., Gregory, H. L, Carlsen, M., and Stirm, B. H.: Photochemical production of molecular bromine in Arctic surface snowpacks, Nat. Geosci., 6, 351–356, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1779, 2013. 

Rhodes, R. H., Yang, X., Wolff, E. W., McConnell, J. R., and Frey, M. M.: Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: a model-based study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9417–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9417-2017, 2017. 

Rolph, G., Stein, A., and Stunder, B.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem: READY, Environ. Model. Softw., 95, 210–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.025, 2017. 

Salawitch, R., Canty, T., Kurosu, T., Chance, K., Liang, Q., da Silva, A., Pawson, S., Nielsen, J. E., Rodriguez, J. M., Bhartia, P. K., Liu, X., Huey, L. G., Liao, J., Stickel, R. E., Tanner, D. J., Dibb, J. E., Simpson, W. R., Donohoue, D., Weinheimer, A., Flocke, F., Knapp, D., Montzka, D., Neuman, J. A., Nowak, J. B., Ryerson, T. B., Oltmans, S., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E. L., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Pan, L. L., Hendrick, F., Van Roozendael, M., Kreher, K., Johnston, P. V., Gao, R. S., Johnson, B., Bui, T. P., Chen, G., Pierce, R. B., Crawford, J. H., and Jacob, D. J.: A new interpretation of total column BrO during Arctic spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L21805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043798, 2010. 

Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Blomquist, B., etal.: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition—Atmosphere, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 10, 2022. 

Simpson, W. R., Alvarez-Aviles, L., Douglas, T. A., Sturm, M., and Domine, F.: Halogens in the coastal snow pack near Barrow, Alaska: Evidence for active bromine air-snow chemistry during springtime, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021748, 2005. 

Simpson, W. R., von Glasow, R., Riedel, K., Anderson, P., Ariya, P., Bottenheim, J., Burrows, J., Carpenter, L. J., Frieß, U., Goodsite, M. E., Heard, D., Hutterli, M., Jacobi, H.-W., Kaleschke, L., Neff, B., Plane, J., Platt, U., Richter, A., Roscoe, H., Sander, R., Shepson, P., Sodeau, J., Steffen, A., Wagner, T., and Wolff, E.: Halogens and their role in polar boundary-layer ozone depletion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4375–4418, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4375-2007, 2007a. 

Simpson, W. R., Carlson, D., Hönninger, G., Douglas, T. A., Sturm, M., Perovich, D., and Platt, U.: First-year sea-ice contact predicts bromine monoxide (BrO) levels at Barrow, Alaska better than potential frost flower contact, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-621-2007, 2007b. 

Spolaor, A., Gabrieli, J., Martma, T., Kohler, J., Björkman, M. B., Isaksson, E., Varin, C., Vallelonga, P., Plane, J. M. C., and Barbante, C.: Sea ice dynamics influence halogen deposition to Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 7, 1645–1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1645-2013, 2013. 

Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion odelling system, B.Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015. 

Stroud, C., Madronich, S., Atlas, E., Ridley, B., Flocke, F., Weinheimer, A., Talbot, B., Fried, A., Wert, B., Shetter, R., Lefer, B., Coffey, M., Heikes, B., and Blake, D.: Photochemistry in the arctic free troposphere: NOx budget and the role of odd nitrogen reservoir recycling, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3351–3364, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00353-4, 2003. 

Sturm, M. and Johnson, J. B.: Natural-convection in the sub-Arctic snow cover, J.Geophys. Res.-Sol, Ea., 96, 11657–11671, 1991. 

Swanson, W. F., Holmes, C. D., Simpson, W. R., Confer, K., Marelle, L., Thomas, J. L., Jaeglé, L., Alexander, B., Zhai, S., Chen, Q., Wang, X., and Sherwen, T.: Comparison of model and ground observations finds snowpack and blowing snow aerosols both contribute to Arctic tropospheric reactive bromine, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14467–14488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14467-2022, 2022. 

Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Boston and London, 666 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8, 1988. 

Tarasick, D. W. and Bottenheim, J. W.: Surface ozone depletion episodes in the Arctic and Antarctic from historical ozonesonde records, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2-197-2002, 2002. 

Theys, N., Van Roozendael, M., Hendrick, F., Yang, X., De Smedt, I., Richter, A., Begoin, M., Errera, Q., Johnston, P. V., Kreher, K., and De Mazière, M.: Global observations of tropospheric BrO columns using GOME-2 satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1791–1811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1791-2011, 2011. 

Thomas, J. L., Stutz, J., Lefer, B., Huey, L. G., Toyota, K., Dibb, J. E., and von Glasow, R.: Modeling chemistry in and above snow at Summit, Greenland– Part1: Model description and results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4899–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4899-2011, 2011. 

Toyota, K., McConnell, J. C., Staebler, R. M., and Dastoor, A. P.: Air–snowpack exchange of bromine, ozone and mercury in the springtime Arctic simulated by the 1-D model PHANTAS– Part1: In-snow bromine activation and its impact on ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4101–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4101-2014, 2014. 

von Glasow, R., von Kuhlmann, R., Lawrence, M. G., Platt, U., and Crutzen, P. J.: Impact of reactive bromine chemistry in the troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2481–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2481-2004, 2004. 

Wagner, T. and Platt, U.: Observation of Tropospheric BrO from the GOME Satellite, Nature, 395, 486–490, 1998. 

Wang, S., McNamara, S. M., Moore, C. W., Obrist, D., Steffen, A., Shepson, P. B., Staebler, R. M., Raso, A. R. W., and Pratt, K. A.: Direct detection of atmospheric atomic bromine leading to mercury and ozone depletion, P.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 14479–14484, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900613116, 2019. 

Warren, S. G., Rigor, I. G., Untersteiner, N., Radionov, V. F., Bryazgin, N. N., Aleksandrov, Y. I., and Colony, R.: Snow depth on Arctic sea ice, J.Climate, 12, 1814–1829, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:SDOASI>2.0.CO;2, 1999. 

Wilson, T. R. S.: Salinity and the major elements of sea water, in: Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 1, 2nd edn., edited by: Riley, J. P. and Skirrow, G., Academic Press, 365–413, 1975. 

Winton, V. H. L., Ming, A., Caillon, N., Hauge, L., Jones, A. E., Savarino, J., Yang, X., and Frey, M. M.: Deposition, recycling, and archival of nitrate stable isotopes between the air–snow interface: comparison between Dronning Maud Land and DomeC, Antarctica , Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5861–5885, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5861-2020, 2020. 

Wu, Y. L., Davidson, C. I., Dolske, D. A., and Sherwood, S. I.: Dry deposition of atmospheric contaminant: the relative importance of aerodynamic, boundary layer and surface resistance, Aerosol Sci. Technol, 16, 65–81, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829208959538, 1992. 

Xu, W., M. Tenuta, and Wang, F.: Bromide and chloride distribution across the snow-sea ice-ocean interface: A comparative study between an Arctic coastal marine site and an experimental sea ice mesocosm, J.Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 5535–5548, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011409, 2016. 

Yang, X. and Strong, K.: Snow chemical compositions, salinity, surface ozone, BrO and meteorology data at Eureka, Canada in spring of 2018/19 (Version 1.0), NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/5b75a1dc-6f24-43bc-b93a-c1dcf633f12a, 2024. 

Yang, X., Cox, R. A., Warwick, N. J., Pyle, J. A., Carver, G. D., O'Connor, F. M., and Savage, N. H.: Tropospheric bromine chemistry and its impacts on ozone: A model study, J.Geophys. Res., 110, D23311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006244, 2005. 

Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., and Cox, R. A.: Sea salt aerosol production and bromine release: Role of snow on sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16815, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034536, 2008. 

Yang, X., Pyle, J. A., Cox, R. A., Theys, N., and Van Roozendael, M.: Snow-sourced bromine and its implications for polar tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7763–7773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7763-2010, 2010. 

Yang, X., Frey, M. M., Rhodes, R. H., Norris, S. J., Brooks, I. M., Anderson, P. S., Nishimura, K., Jones, A. E., and Wolff, E. W.: Sea salt aerosol production via sublimating wind-blown saline snow particles over sea ice: parameterizations and relevant microphysical mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8407–8424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8407-2019, 2019. 

Yang, X., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Bognar, K., McClure-Begley, A., Morris, S., Petropavlovskikh, I., Richter, A., Skov, H., Strong, K., Tarasick, D. W., Uttal, T., Vestenius, M., and Zhao, X.: Pan-Arctic surface ozone: modelling vs. measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15937–15967, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15937-2020, 2020.  

Zatko, M., Geng, L., Alexander, B., Sofen, E., and Klein, K.: The impact of snow nitrate photolysis on boundary layer chemistry and the recycling and redistribution of reactive nitrogen across Antarctica and Greenland in a global chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2819–2842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2819-2016, 2016. 

Zhao, X., Strong, K., Adams, C., Schofield, R., Yang, X., Richter, A., Friess, U., Blechschmidt, A.-M., and Koo, J.-H.: A case study of a transported bromine explosion event in the Canadian high arctic, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 457–477, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023711, 2016. 

Zhao, X., Weaver, D., Bognar, K., Manney, G., Millán, L., Yang, X., Eloranta, E., Schneider, M., and Strong, K.: Cyclone-induced surface ozone and HDO depletion in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 14955–14974, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-14955-2017, 2017. 

Zhou, X., Beine, H. J., Honrath, R. E., Fuentes, J. D., Simpson, W., Shepson, P. B., and Bottenheim, J.: Snowpack Photochemical Production as a Source for HONO in the Arctic Boundary Layer in Spring Time, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4087–4090, 2001. 

Surface snow bromide and nitrate at Eureka,  Canada, in early spring and implications for  polar boundary layer chemistry (2024)

References

Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Greg O'Connell

Last Updated:

Views: 6354

Rating: 4.1 / 5 (42 voted)

Reviews: 89% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Greg O'Connell

Birthday: 1992-01-10

Address: Suite 517 2436 Jefferey Pass, Shanitaside, UT 27519

Phone: +2614651609714

Job: Education Developer

Hobby: Cooking, Gambling, Pottery, Shooting, Baseball, Singing, Snowboarding

Introduction: My name is Greg O'Connell, I am a delightful, colorful, talented, kind, lively, modern, tender person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.